编者按：

　　理性对话凝共识，文明互鉴共发展。为深化中西文明交流，更好推动中华文化的国际传播，中国孔子网策划推出“汉学中西问”专栏，旨在通过对话知名汉学家，聆听中西文化声音，感受文明交流互鉴的和谐共融。本期采访嘉宾为印度德里大学副教授、首批来山东驻研的国际汉学家Geetesh Nirban（吉特什·尼尔班）。

　　Q: Could you share your most unforgettable experiences in your academic career of sinology research? How have these experiences and achievements influenced your research direction and academic philosophy?

　　问：您能否分享一下您在汉学研究学术生涯中最难忘的经历？这些经历和成就如何影响你的研究方向和学术理念？

　　ANS: My interest in Sinology blossomed during my post-graduate studies in Philosophy at the University of Delhi. At that time, Chinese philosophical texts were not included in our curriculum, yet a group of passionate students, me included, advocated for their inclusion. Our efforts culminated in introducing The Doctrine of the Mean, a significant work attributed to Confucianism. The appointment of a dedicated professor to teach us this text marked a pivotal moment in my academic journey. As I recall, it was exhilarating to finally engage with a tradition rich in philosophical inquiry: “To be in accord with the Mean is to be in harmony with the world.” That first class opened the door to a profound exploration of Confucianism. I later had the opportunity to teach this philosophy to undergraduate students, deepening my understanding of Confucius’ writings and the broader Chinese philosophical landscape. The texts resonated with me, particularly their emphasis on virtue, ethics, and social harmony. As I immersed myself in Confucian thought, I realised that these ideas were not just historical artifacts; they were living philosophies still relevant in contemporary discussions about morality and governance. My journey took a transformative turn when I was invited to the Confucius Centre in Qufu in June-July 2024. This opportunity solidified my commitment to Sinology and ignited a desire to promote cross-cultural research. I envision a collaborative exploration between the teachings of Confucius and the philosophy of Krishna from the Bhagavad Gītā. The parallels and contrasts between these two ancient traditions provide fertile ground for dialogue. I believe: “The greatest way to live with honour in this world is to be who we pretend to be.” This sentiment underlines the necessity for Chinese and Indian philosophers to engage in serious discourse, examining the resonances between our traditions and acknowledging our differences. We must look towards collaborative studies that bridge Eastern philosophical thought in today’s globalised world. By exploring the ethical frameworks of Confucius in light of South Asian philosophies, we can foster a richer understanding of human values that transcend cultural boundaries. It is high time that scholars from both traditions engage in this dialogue, cultivating a deeper appreciation for the philosophical heritage that informs our respective societies. The potential for this interdisciplinary exchange is immense, not only for enriching our academic discourse but also for addressing contemporary challenges through the wisdom of our ancient teachings.

　　答：我在德里大学攻读哲学专业研究生期间，对于汉学的兴趣日益浓厚。当时中国哲学还没有被纳入我们的课程，但是我和一群充满激情的学生伙伴主张将其纳入我们课程。终于，课程引入了《中庸》，这是儒家的一部重要著作。有一位敬业的教授来教我们这篇课文，这也成了我学术生涯中的关键时刻。我记得，当我终于接触这种富于哲学探究精神的思想时有多么兴奋：“中庸之道就是与世界和谐相处之道”，这门课为我今后深入探索儒家思想打开了大门。后来，我有机会向本科生传授这一思想，这加深了我对儒家著作和更广大的中国哲学图景的理解。这些文本引起了我的共鸣，尤其是其中对美德、伦理和社会和谐的强调。当我沉浸在儒家思想中时，我意识到这些思想不仅仅是历史文物；它们是活生生的哲学，与当代关于道德和治理的讨论的依然相关。2024年6月至7月，当我受邀前往曲阜孔子研究院时，我的旅程发生了新的转折。这次访问坚实了我投身汉学的责任感，激发了我推进跨文化研究的愿望。我认为可以在孔子的教义和《博伽梵歌》中的克里希纳哲学之间进行合作性的探索。这两种古老传统之间的相似和对比为对话提供了肥沃的土壤。我相信：“在这个世界上，过上有尊严的生活的最好方式就是做好我们扮演的角色。”这种情怀强调中国和印度哲学家有必要进行严肃对话，审视我们传统之间的共鸣，承认其间的差异。我们必须着眼于能够在当今全球化的世界中构架东方哲学思想桥梁的合作研究。透过南亚哲学对儒家思想的伦理框架进行探究，可以促进对超越文化界限的人类价值观的更加丰富的理解。是时候让来自这两种传统的学者共同参与这一对话，从而培养起对于指导各个社会的哲学遗产的更深层次的理解。这种跨学科交流的潜力是巨大的，不仅可以丰富我们的学术话语，还可以通过我们古老教义的智慧来应对当代挑战。

　　Q: In the process of global ethical construction, what unique wisdom and resources do you think Confucianism can contribute? How can these resources be integrated with ethical concepts in other cultures?

　　问：在全球伦理建设的过程中，您认为儒家思想可以贡献哪些独特的智慧和资源？这些资源如何与其他文化中的伦理观念相结合？

　　ANS: We live in a world where the value system appears fractured. The boom due to the digital revolution has made the world too small and intensely connected. We seem more connected than in any of the centuries in the past. Still, a major humane disconnect has shrunk the ethical element in society amongst communities and nations. In a scenario like this, Confucianism, rooted in rich moral excellence, calls for glorifying ‘relational ethics’ while emphasising the importance of social roles and responsibilities so that the new ethics can complement the existing individualistic ethical frameworks. The concept of ‘filial piety’ of Confucian thought requires to be adopted in contemporary times so that its essential idea of respecting and caring for the elders can be incorporated into global discussions on inter-generational responsibility and for formulating new patterns of social welfare schemes. The notion of ‘benevolence’ represents the highest virtue in Confucianism. This idea of compassion and empathy towards others can enhance global ethical discussions on human rights and social justice, promoting a more humane approach to governance, governmental matters, and political and societal well-being. Another fundamental concept, ‘harmony’, which stresses the need to find equilibrium between opposing forces and interests, can help devise newer approaches for conflict resolution and sustainable development on a global scale while promoting a balanced perspective in addressing diverse challenges across borders. ‘Self-cultivation’ is also central to Confucianism, highlighting the importance of continuous moral self-improvement to emphasise character evolvement/development, which can enrich global ethics by upscaling the significance of personal growth and virtue in fostering ethical behaviour. Confucianism's ‘holistic worldview’ views the cosmos, nature, and human society as an integral whole. This approach can make a metamorphic contribution to environmental ethics and equitable policies for sustainable development, emphasising the need for a symbiotic relationship between humanity and the natural world. Promoting and strengthening educational and cultural exchanges between Chinese universities and institutions abroad will enhance the understanding of Confucian ethics. Incorporating these principles into international policy frameworks can improve environmental protection and social welfare governance. By adopting these strategies, we can create a more comprehensive global ethical framework that draws on diverse cultural resources, facilitating the thoughtful integration of Confucian wisdom with other ethical traditions. This approach will enable us to address shared challenges more effectively, fostering a nuanced understanding of ethics globally, as in today's world, no one can survive in utter isolation.

　　答：我们生活在一个价值体系显得支离破碎的世界。数字革命带来的繁荣使世界变得太狭窄、联系太紧密。我们之间的联系似乎比过去任何一个世纪都要密切。然而，人与人的严重脱节却还是让国家集体之间的社会伦理因素缩小了很多。在这种情况下，植根于丰富的道德卓越性中的儒家思想则呼唤“关系伦理”的彰显，同时强调社会角色和责任的重要性，以便新的伦理能够补充现有的个人主义伦理框架。儒家思想中的“孝”概念需要被当代采纳，以便其尊重和照顾老人的基本理念能够纳入有关代际责任的全球讨论，并制定新的社会福利计划模式。“仁”的概念代表了儒家思想中的最高美德。这种对他人的同情和共感可以增进关于人权和社会正义的全球伦理讨论，促进以更人道的方式处理国家治理、政府事务、政治和社会福祉。另一个基本的儒家概念是“和谐”，它强调要在对立的力量和利益之间找到平衡，这有助于在全球范围内为解决冲突和可持续发展寻求新的方法，同时促进在应对各种跨境挑战时采取平衡的观点。“修身”也是儒家思想的核心，它强调不断的自我道德提升和品格的持续发展的重要性，这彰显了个人成长和美德在培养道德行为中的重要作用，并以此丰富全球伦理。儒家的“整体世界观”将宇宙、自然和人类社会视为一个不可分割的整体。这种进路强调人类与自然世界之间维持共生关系的必要性，能够对环境伦理和可持续发展的公平政策做出崭新的贡献。加强中国大学和海外机构之间教育文化交流，将有助于增进对儒家伦理的理解。将这些原则纳入国际政策框架可以改善环境保护和社会福利的相关治理。通过采用这些策略，我们可以创建一个更全面的全球伦理框架，利用不同的文化资源，促进儒家智慧与其他伦理传统的全面融合。这种方法将使我们能够更有效地应对共同的挑战，培养全球范围内对伦理的精细理解——因为在当今世界，没有人能完全孤立地生存。

　　Q: What role do you think the concept of “responsibility” in Confucian ethics plays in the construction of global ethics? How can this concept be integrated with ethical concepts in other cultures?

　　问：你认为儒家伦理中的“责任”概念在全球伦理建设中起着什么作用？如何将这一概念与其他文化中的伦理概念相结合？

　　ANS: The concept of ‘responsibility’ in Confucian ethics significantly shapes moral behaviour and social order, offering valuable insights for constructing global ethics. Central to Confucian thought is ‘relational responsibility’, which emphasises that our ethical obligations are context-dependent and tied to our family, community, and society roles. This insightful understanding could enrich global ethics by highlighting the importance of different social contexts in moral decision-making. The emphasis on ‘reciprocal responsibility’ stresses mutual responsibilities, which can precipitate discussions on fairness, justice, and social contracts among individuals, communities and nations. Confucianism also promotes ‘collective responsibility’, prioritising the community's welfare over individual interests. This perspective aligns with shared responsibilities for addressing global challenges like climate change and poverty reduction. Furthermore, ‘moral self-cultivation’ emphasises the importance of individual agency in ethical behaviour, contributing to global ethics by encouraging personal responsibility for moral development. ‘Leadership responsibility’ is another crucial aspect, as Confucianism holds those in power accountable for their moral conduct, which can inform discussions on ethical governance and corporate responsibility. Finding common ground with Western individualism is essential to effectively integrate Confucian responsibility with ethical concepts from other Western cultures. This involves exploring how personal autonomy can coexist with social obligations. Moreover, this needs to be studied comparatively to other traditional Asian philosophies. Facilitating dialogue with feminist care ethics can also yield valuable insights. Additionally, complementing rights-based frameworks with Confucian notions of responsibility could create a more balanced global ethical framework. Moreover, Confucian ideas of responsibility can enhance discussions on global citizenship, corporate ethics, and environmental stewardship, pushing for intergenerational responsibility and long-term sustainability considerations for Asian and other countries. Integrating Confucian concepts of responsibility into global ethics requires thoughtful adaptation to address contemporary issues like digital ethics and artificial intelligence governance. Cross-cultural education and academic movements can promote an understanding of these diverse ethical frameworks, and policymakers should explore how Confucian notions can help in international decision-making in areas such as sustainable development, crisis management and conflict resolution. By engaging in constructive dialogue and seeking areas of complementarity, we can work toward a more comprehensive global ethical framework that acknowledges our interconnectedness in an increasingly globalised world.

　　答：儒家伦理中的“责任”概念显著地塑造了道德行为和社会秩序，为构建全球伦理提供了宝贵见解。儒家思想的核心是“关系责任”，它强调我们的道德义务取决于环境，与我们的家庭、社区和社会角色息息相关。通过强调不同社会背景在道德决策中的重要性，这种深刻理解可以丰富全球伦理。对“相互责任”的强调凸显了相互的责任，能够促进个人、社区和国家之间公平、正义和社会契约的相关讨论。儒家还提倡“集体责任”，将集体的福利置于个人利益之上。这一观点与应对气候变化和减贫等全球挑战的共同责任相一致。此外，“道德修养”强调了个人能动性在道德行为中的重要性，通过鼓励个人对道德发展的责任，为全球道德做出贡献。“领导责任”是另一个关键方面，因为儒家思想要求当权者对其道德行为负责，这可以指导关于伦理治理和机构责任的讨论。找出儒家与西方个人主义的共同点对于有效地将儒家责任与其他西方文化的伦理观念相结合至关重要。这涉及探索个人自主权如何与社会义务共存。这也需要与其他传统的亚洲哲学的比较研究。促进与女权主义关怀伦理学的对话也可以产生有价值的见解。此外，用儒家责任观补充基于权利的框架可以创造一个更加平衡的全球伦理框架。并且，儒家责任观可以加强关于全球公民身份、企业伦理和环境管理的讨论，推动对于亚洲和其他国家的代际责任和长期可持续性的思考。将儒家责任观融入全球伦理需要深思熟虑的灵活调整，以应对当代数字伦理和人工智能治理等问题。跨文化教育和学术运动可以促进对这些不同伦理框架的理解，政策制定者应该探究儒家思想如何有助于可持续发展、危机管理和冲突解决等领域的国际决策。通过进行建设性对话，寻求互补领域，我们可以努力建立一个更全面的全球伦理框架，承认彼此在日益全球化的世界中的相互联系。

　　Q: With the acceleration of globalization, how can we better integrate the wisdom of different cultural philosophies to cope with the challenges of modern society?

　　问：随着全球化的加速，我们如何更好地整合不同文化哲学的智慧，以应对现代社会的挑战？

　　ANS: In our diversely interconnected world, integrating diverse cultural philosophies to tackle modern challenges is the need of the hour. Key strategies include promoting cross-cultural dialogues through international conferences/seminars/symposiums/publications and academic exchanges and encouraging collaboration among philosophers and ethicists from various backgrounds. Additionally, enhancing the study of comparative philosophy in academic curricula can help identify common themes and foster understanding between different traditions to search for humane, empathetic and peace-giving epistemologies. An interdisciplinary approach is essential for addressing complex global issues. It combines insights from philosophy with fields like psychology, sociology, management, and environmental science to create holistic solutions. Education also plays a crucial role, incorporating diverse philosophical perspectives into curricula and developing accessible resources can raise awareness and appreciation among scholars, professors, and the general public. Digital advancement can facilitate more philosophical engagements for the youth across nations; thus, deep intercultural philosophy sessions through virtual platforms should be initiated within Asian nations and furthered to Europe, Africa and America. Moreover, engaging philosophers in policy-making and developing global ethics frameworks that include diverse cultural insights can lead to more culturally sensitive solutions. Utilising technology to facilitate discussions and incorporating philosophical wisdom into corporate ethics further enhances this integration. A respectful and genuine dialogue among traditions will ultimately foster collaborative problem-solving and robust responses to contemporary challenges. Developing AI tools to analyse and synthesize insights from various philosophical texts of world traditions can provide valuable perspectives on contemporary issues. Additionally, drawing on different cultural philosophies can lead to more comprehensive approaches to conflict resolution and peace-building in international relations. Promoting the representation of diverse philosophical ideas in media, literature, and art can further increase public understanding and appreciation of these perspectives. Supporting content that highlights the application of various cultural wisdoms to current problems fosters greater awareness and engagement. This integration must be approached with cultural sensitivity, avoiding appropriation and oversimplification. The goal is to create genuine dialogue that respects each tradition's integrity while fostering mutual understanding and collaborative problem-solving on a global scale.

　　答：在我们这个多元互联的世界里，整合不同的文化哲学来应对现代挑战是当务之急。关键性的战略包括通过国际会议/研讨会/专题讨论会促进跨文化对话/出版和学术交流，鼓励来自不同背景的哲学家和伦理学家之间的合作。此外，在学术课程中加强比较哲学的研究可以帮助确定共同的主题，促进不同传统之间的理解，以寻求人道的、富有同情心的与和平的认识论。一种跨学科的方法对于解决复杂的全球问题至关重要。它将哲学见解与心理学、社会学、管理学和环境科学等领域相结合，以创造整体性的解决方案。教育也起着至关重要的作用，它将不同的哲学观点纳入课程并开发可访问的资源，以此提高学者、教授和公众的意识和鉴赏力。数字技术进步可以促进各国青年更多地参与哲学活动；因此，应在亚洲国家内通过虚拟平台举办深入的跨文化哲学会议，并进一步推广到欧洲、非洲和美洲。此外，让哲学家参与政策制定和发展包含不同文化见解的全球伦理框架，可以带来更具文化敏感性的解决方案。利用技术促进讨论，将哲学智慧融入企业伦理，进一步加强了这种整合。各哲学传统之间相互尊重和真诚的对话最终将促进合作解决问题，并对当代挑战做出强有力的回应。开发人工智能工具，对来自世界各传统的哲学文本的见解进行分析和综合，可以为当代问题提供有价值的视角。借鉴不同的文化哲学也有助于在国际关系中采取更全面的方式来解决冲突，建设和平。促进不同哲学思想在媒体、文学和艺术中的展现，可以进一步提高公众对这些观点的理解和欣赏。支持那些强调将各种文化的智慧应用于解决当代问题的内容，可以提高人们的认识和参与度。这种整合必须具有文化敏感性，避免利用不当和过度简单化。我们的目标是创造真正的对话，尊重每个文化传统的完整性，同时在全球范围内促进相互理解和合作，共同解决问题。

　　Q: As an Indian scholar studying Chinese culture, how do you view the exchange and mutual learning between the two major civilisations of China and India?

　　问：作为一名研究中国文化的印度学者，您如何看待中印两大文明之间的交流互鉴？

　　ANS: As an Indian scholar studying Chinese culture, I view the exchange and mutual learning between two historically, culturally and philosophically established nations where diversities are immense— China and India as a profoundly and mutually enriching process that has traditionally shaped both civilisations and holds enormous potential for future cooperation and peacebuilding. Here’s my perspective on this cross-cultural/academic exchange:

　　Historical Significance

　　• Long-standing Relationship: The cultural exchange between India and China spans over two millennia, with Buddhism as a primary conduit for philosophical, artistic, and linguistic interactions.

　　• Mutual Enrichment: This enduring relationship has influenced art, literature, philosophy, and science, enriching both civilisations.

　　Complementary Wisdom

　　• Philosophical Synergy: Indian and Chinese intellectual traditions often provide complementary perspectives; for example, the metaphysical depth of Indian thought aligns with the practical ethics of Confucianism.

　　• Collaborative Fields: Both civilisations have developed sophisticated systems in medicine, philosophy, astronomy, and mathematics, which presents opportunities for synergy and mutual advancement.

　　Shared Challenges and Solutions

　　• Developmental Issues: As two of the world’s most populous nations with ancient agrarian roots, China and India confront similar developmental challenges.

　　• Collaborative Solutions: Exchanging ideas on sustainable development and urbanisation can benefit both countries and serve as models for other developing nations.

　　Cultural Soft Power

　　• Heritage as Influence: Both nations' rich cultural heritage acts as a soft power in international relations, fostering mutual understanding and stronger diplomatic ties.

　　• Economic Cooperation: A deeper cultural understanding can facilitate economic cooperation, which is crucial given that China and India are among the world’s largest and fastest-growing economies.

　　Academic and Artistic Collaboration

　　• Joint Initiatives: Increased exchange programs, joint research projects, and academic partnerships can deepen mutual understanding and yield valuable insights across various fields.

　　• Cross-Cultural Artistry: Artistic collaborations and literary translations can enrich both cultures, promoting appreciation and dialogue. Technological Cooperation

　　• Emerging Powerhouses: Both countries are emerging as technological/digital leaders. Collaboration in AI, space exploration, and renewable energy can yield mutual benefits.

　　Addressing Historical Misunderstandings

　　• Building Trust: Open dialogues and scholarly exchanges can help resolve historical misunderstandings and strengthen trust between the two nations. Cross-philosophical academic exchanges can catalyse greater peace and harmony between the two nations.

　　Global Impact

　　• Alternative Perspectives: The synergy between Indian and Chinese wisdom can contribute significantly to addressing global challenges, offering alternative views to Western-dominated discourse.

　　Language Learning and Philosophical Dialogue

　　• Enhancing Understanding: Promoting the study of each other’s languages can deepen cultural understanding and facilitate nuanced exchanges.

　　• Global Ethics Development: Dialogues between Indian and Chinese philosophical traditions can foster the development of international ethics and innovative approaches to contemporary world challenges.

　　Traditional Knowledge Systems and Peacebuilding

　　• Innovative Solutions: Exchanging insights from traditional medicine, agriculture, and environmental management can lead to practical solutions for modern issues.

　　• Philosophical Contributions: Drawing from both cultures’ traditions of harmony and non-violence can enhance Asian regional stability and global peace efforts. Challenges and Opportunities

　　• Political Sensitivity: Cultural exchange can bridge diplomatic relations, but care must be taken to keep scholarly interactions independent of political fluctuations.

　　• Avoiding Oversimplification: Moving beyond superficial understandings towards a deeper appreciation of each other’s cultures is essential.

　　• Balancing Heritage and Modernity: Both societies face the challenge of rapid modernisation while preserving cultural heritage. Sharing experiences in this regard can be mutually beneficial.

　　• People-to-People Connections: Encouraging tourism, food and art appreciation meetings, student exchanges, and cultural events can deepen grassroots understanding between the people of two countries. As an Indian scholar, I believe that the ongoing exchange and mutual learning between China and India are crucial not only for our two nations but also for global cultural diversity and intellectual growth. By leveraging our shared history and complementary strengths, we can contribute unique perspectives to global challenges, enriching the human experience. This exchange, rooted in mutual respect and genuine curiosity, has the potential to create a powerful synergy between two of the world’s oldest and most influential civilisations.

　　答：作为一名研究中国文化的印度学者，我认为中国和印度这两个历史、文化和哲学上有着极大多样性的国家之间的交流互鉴是深刻而彼此丰富对方的过程，这个过程在传统上塑造了两种文明，并蕴含着未来合作与和平建设的巨大潜力。以下是我对这种跨文化交流/学术交流的看法：

　　历史意义

　　•长期关系：印度和中国之间的文化交流跨越了两千多年，佛教是哲学、艺术和语言交流的主要渠道。

　　•彼此丰富：这种持久的关系影响了艺术、文学、哲学和科学，丰富了两种文明。

　　互补智慧

　　•哲学协同：印度和中国的知识传统往往提供互补的视角；例如，印度思想形而上学深度与儒家的实践伦理是相一致的。

　　•合作领域：两个文明都在医学、哲学、天文学和数学方面发展了复杂的体系，这为双方的协同和相互进步提供了机会。

　　共同的挑战和解决方案

　　•发展问题：作为世界上人口最多的、根植于古老农耕文明的两个国家，中国和印度面临着类似的发展挑战。

　　•合作解决方案：两国可以从可持续发展和城市化问题上互相取经，不仅彼此受益，也为其他发展中国家树立榜样。

　　文化软实力

　　•遗产即影响力：两国丰富的文化遗产是国际关系中的软实力，这种文化软实力可以促进相互理解，有助于建立更牢固的外交关系。

　　•经济合作：深入的文化理解可以促进经济合作，鉴于中国和印度是世界上最大、增长最快的经济体之一，这一点至关重要。

　　学术与艺术合作

　　•联合倡议：增加交流项目、联合研究项目和学术伙伴关系，可以加深相互理解，并在各个领域产生有价值的见解。

　　•跨文化艺术：艺术合作和文学翻译有助于丰富两种文化，促进相互欣赏和对话。

　　技术合作

　　•新兴强国：两国都在成为科技/数字领导者。在人工智能、太空探索和可再生能源方面进行合作，可以带来互惠互利。

　　解决历史误解

　　•建立信任：公开对话和学术交流有助于解决历史误解，加强两国之间的信任。跨哲学的学术交流可以催化两国之间产生更大的和平与和谐。

　　全球影响

　　•替代观点：印中两大智慧的协作可以为应对全球挑战做出重大贡献，为西方主导的话语体系提供不一样的观点。

　　语言学习和哲学对话

　　•增进理解：促进对彼此语言的研究可以加深文化理解，促进细致的交流。

　　•全球伦理发展：印度和中国哲学传统之间的对话可以促进国际伦理的发展，有助于创新应对当代世界挑战。

　　传统知识体系与和平建设

　　•创新解决方案：交流对于传统医学、农业和环境管理的见解，可以为现代问题找到切实可行的解决方案。

　　•哲学贡献：借鉴两种文化的和谐与非暴力传统，可以加强亚洲地区的稳定，有助于全球和平。

　　挑战与机遇

　　•政治敏感性：文化交流可以弥合外交关系，但必须注意保持学术互动应独立于政治动荡之外。

　　•避免过度简化：超越肤浅的理解，更深入地欣赏彼此的文化，这是至关重要的。

　　•平衡遗产与现代性：两个社会都同时面临着在保护文化遗产的快速现代化的挑战，分享这方面的经验可以互惠互利。

　　•人与人之间的联系：鼓励旅游、美食和艺术欣赏会、学生交流和文化活动可以加深两国人民之间的基层了解。作为一名印度学者，我认为中印之间持续的交流互鉴不仅对我们两国至关重要，而且对全球文化多样性和知识增长也至关重要。利用共同的历史和互补的优势，两国可以为全球挑战贡献独特的视角，丰富全人类的经验。这种植根于相互尊重和真正好奇心之上的交流，有可能在世界上最古老、最具影响力的两个文明之间产生强大的协同作用。

　　Q: As an important component of Chinese culture, which concepts of Confucianism do you think can be applied to modern global governance practice?

　　问：对于有志于从事汉学或跨文化研究的年轻学者，您有哪些建议？

　　ANS: For young scholars aspiring to engage in Sinology or cross-cultural research, laying a solid foundation is essential for success in this dynamic field. First and foremost, achieving proficiency in Mandarin Chinese is critical, as is considering the study of classical Chinese to access historical texts. However, language should not be a barrier for any scholar in the 21st century, which is the age of AI. Additionally, immersing oneself in Chinese culture through living and studying in China is invaluable; exchange programs, internships, and fieldwork opportunities can provide firsthand experience that enriches understanding of cultural nuances and contemporary society. An interdisciplinary approach is equally essential, encouraging scholars to develop expertise across various relevant fields such as history, literature, anthropology, political science, and economics. This broad perspective allows a deeper understanding of how these disciplines intersect within Sinology and cross-cultural studies. Scholars should also cultivate critical thinking skills to analyse sources thoughtfully, recognising biases and contextual factors. Engaging with diverse Chinese and non-Chinese perspectives will enhance analytical rigour and build a world of cross-cultural sensitivity and mutual respect. Networking and collaboration play vital roles in professional growth. Attending conferences and workshops and joining professional associations can facilitate connections with other scholars and promote interdisciplinary collaboration. Familiarity with digital tools and resources is increasingly essential, enabling researchers to navigate Chinese digital platforms effectively. Furthermore, being aware of ethical considerations in cross-cultural research—such as cultural sensitivity and responsible fieldwork practices—will help scholars maintain integrity in their work. Finally, a long-term vision combined with flexibility is essential for navigating the ever-evolving landscape of Sinology. Developing a research agenda while remaining open to new trends and challenges will ensure relevance and depth in scholarship. Passion, patience and persistence are crucial, as expertise in Sinology is a lifelong journey that requires dedication and a commitment to continuous learning. Following these guidelines, aspiring scholars can forge a rewarding path in Sinology or cross-cultural research, contributing meaningfully to global knowledge and cultural understanding. Scholars and researchers of cross-cultural traditions have a significant role in the new 21st century, as this is the century of a major transformation in all areas of life.

　　答：对于有抱负从事汉学或者跨文化研究的年轻学者，打下坚实基础对于在这个充满活力的领域取得成功至关重要。首先，精通普通话至关重要，考虑学习文言文以获得进入历史文本的路径也是一样。然而，在人工智能时代的21世纪，语言不应该成为任何学者的障碍。此外，通过在中国生活和学习来沉浸在中国文化中是无价的体验；交流项目、实习和实地驻研的机会可以提供第一手经验，丰富对细微的文化差别和当代社会的理解。跨学科方法同样重要，应当鼓励学者在历史、文学、人类学、政治学和经济学等各个相关领域发展专业知识。这种广阔的视角使我们能够更深入地理解这些学科如何在汉学和跨文化研究中相互交叉跨越。学者还应培养批判性思维能力，深入分析资料来源，识别偏见和背景方面的因素。接触中国和外国的不同观点视角可以提高分析的严谨性，有助于建立一个具备跨文化敏感性和相互尊重的世界。交流和协作对于学术生涯起着至关重要的作用。参加会议和研讨会以及加入专业协会可以促进与其他学者的联系，促进跨学科合作。熟悉数字工具和资源变得日益重要，它们使研究人员能够有效地浏览中国的数字平台。同时，了解跨文化研究中的伦理考量因素，如具备文化敏感性和负责任的实地考察实践，将有助于学者保持工作的完整性。最后，应当把长期愿景与灵活性相结合，这对于驾驭不断发展的汉学非常有意义。一方面制定研究的议程，一方面保持对新趋势和挑战的开放态度，这样才能确保学术关联性和深度。热情、耐心和毅力缺一不可，因为掌握汉学专业知识是一个终身的旅程，需要奉献精神和持续学习的决心。遵循这些指导方针，有抱负的学者可以在汉学或跨文化研究中开辟一条有益的道路，为全球知识和文化理解做出有意义的贡献。跨文化研究的学者和研究人员在新的21世纪发挥着重要作用，因为这是一个在生活各个领域都在发生重大变革的世纪。